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"C&J; or C & J may refer to: *Clean and jerk, a composite of two weightlifting movements; the clean and the jerk, most often performed with a barbell *Cutfather & Joe, a Danish record production and remixing duo, sometimes credited as C&J; or C & J on music releases *C. & J. Clark, a British shoe manufacturer and retailer known as Clarks "
"The Egyptian dog Abuwtiyuw, also transcribed as Abutiu (died before 2280 BC), was one of the earliest documented domestic animals whose name is known. He is believed to have been a royal guard dog who lived in the Sixth Dynasty (2345–2181 BC), and received an elaborate ceremonial burial in the Giza Necropolis at the behest of a pharaoh whose name is unknown. An inscribed stone listing the gifts donated by the pharaoh for Abuwtiyuw's funeral was discovered by Egyptologist George A. Reisner in October 1935. It was apparently part of the spoil material incorporated into the structure of a Sixth Dynasty mastaba (pharaonic-era tomb) after the demolition of the funerary chapel belonging to Abuwtiyuw's owner, where the stone likely had originally been installed. The white limestone tablet measures 54.2×28.2×23.2 cm (21.3×11.1×9.1 in). The inscription is composed of ten vertical rows of hieroglyphs, separated by vertical lines. Abuwtiyuw appears to have been a sighthound, a lightly built hunting dog similar to a greyhound, with erect ears and a curly tail. The tomb in which his tablet was discovered is in Cemetery G 2100 in Giza West Field, close to the western side of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu/Kheops). Background Statue of Anubis Herodotus documents that in ancient Persia dogs were protected animals, held in the highest esteem during their lifetime. According to the ancient Greeks, dogs in ancient Egypt were treated with the same respect as they were in Persia, and were commonly mummified after death before being buried in family tombs. The ancient Egyptians and others of the Near East believed that dogs were spiritual beings, similar to humans, and they were "often associated with particular deities and the powers they wield". A number of the early dynastic royal burial grounds contain the graves of dogs, along with women and servants of the royal household. Ashkelon cemetery in the Southern District of Israel is perhaps the best-documented dog cemetery in the ancient world, but dog mummies have been unearthed en masse in sites across Egypt including Rhoda in Upper Egypt, Thebes, Abydos, and near Maghagha. The ancient Egyptians mummified many animal species, from cats and gazelles to crocodiles, baboons, and birds. Typically, many animal species were consumed as meat after death, but it is highly unlikely that dogs would have been eaten. Radiographs of exhumed dogs in the ancient world have revealed that the mummification process involved wrapping the embalmed bones together with bandages and placing them within a wooden statue of Anubis, the jackal-headed deity associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion. Discovery The only source from which Abuwtiyuw is known is a stone inscription tablet that may have come from the funerary chapel of the dog's owner. The tablet was apparently among spolia used to build another grave in approximately 2280 BC, a sixth-Dynasty mastaba, after the chapel's demolition. It was discovered on 13 October 1935 by Egyptologist George A. Reisner during a joint Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts expedition, and removed from the site four days later. The find was recorded by the main expedition photographer, Mohammedani Ibrahim, who took more than 9,321 large-format glass-plate images on Reisner's expeditions. The tablet is now held by the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (inventory number JE 67573). Neither the dog's grave nor mummy have been recovered. The tomb in which the tablet was unearthed is in Cemetery G 2100 in Giza West Field, close to the western side of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu/Kheops). The white limestone tablet measures 54.2×28.2×23.2 cm (21.3×11.1×9.1 in) and is inscribed with ten vertical rows of hieroglyphs, separated from each other by vertical lines. Part of a leash is visible on the upper-right corner, suggesting that the tablet displayed an image of Abuwtiyuw with his owner. The text of the inscription translated by Reisner describes the gifts offered by the pharaoh in tribute at Abuwtiyuw's funeral: Interpretation Image of a Tesem dog from the grave of Intef II, c. 2065 BC Although it was common to bury dogs in ancient Egypt, the funeral of Abuwtiyuw was unusually elaborate, an honour normally reserved for upper-class humans. The pharaoh's gifts suggest that the corpse was mummified, as was commonly done with humans at the time, in the belief that the Ka of the dead would enter into its afterlife through the ceremonial burial. Although no images of Abuwtiyuw have been found, the text characterizes him as ṯzm (Tesem), a lightly built hunting dog similar to a greyhound, with erect ears and a curly tail. The Tesem dog features in predynastic depictions, making it one of the oldest known breeds of dog, and images of it are common throughout Ancient Egyptian history. According to Reisner, the name "Abuwtiyuw" is not fully translatable, but he surmised that ꜥbw ("abuw") is an onomatopoeic representation of a dog's bark, as this component often is found in Ancient Egyptian dog names. Edward C. Martin Jr. claims that the name means "With Pointed Ears", which would fit the description of the Tesem. See also *Africanis *List of individual dogs Notes References External links * Contains a photograph of the stone * Sketch of the stone showing interpretation of the hieroglyphs Category:23rd-century BC deaths Category:Ancient Egyptian culture Category:Giza Category:Individual dogs Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Egyptian Museum "
"The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Strasbourg, Alsace, France. Ancient history * 12th century BC – Area settled by proto-Celts. * 3rd century BC – Celts develop township. * 12 BC – Nero Claudius Drusus establishes Argentoratum as a military fort on the western bank of the Rhine River in preparation for his planned invasion of Germania. * 90 CE – Legio VIII Augusta stationed in Argentoratum. * 4th century CE – Catholic diocese of Strassburg established. * 357 – Battle of Argentoratum. * 407 AD – Vandals, Sueves, and Alans attack the city after crossing the frozen Rhine on New Year's Eve 406 AD. Sometime later that year, the city is reclaimed by the rebel forces of the usurper Constantine III. * 451 AD – Attila the Hun takes Argentoratum during his Gallic campaign. Prior to 14th century * 5th century – Franks in power. * 842 – Oaths of Strasbourg. * 923 – City acquired by the Holy Roman Empire. * 1230 – Saint Stephen’s Church opened * 1250 – Ponts Couverts opened * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen, after which the city gains Reichsfreiheit. 14th–16th centuries * 1307 – Monastery of Hermits of Saint William built. Gottfried von Hagenau introduces the Feast of the Immaculate Conception in Strasbourg. * 1332 – Straßburger Revolution. * 1348 – Bubonic plague. * 1349 – Pogrom. * 1354 – Three Kings clock erected. * 1362 – Fritsche Closener writes Straßburger Chronik, a history of the city. * 1414 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor visits Strasbourg (7–14 July) * 1415 – Paper mill established. (timeline) * 1427 – Kammerzell House built. * 1439 – Strasbourg Cathedral finished. * 1440s – Johannes Gutenberg develops printing technique. * 1444 – Population: circa 20,000 * 1458 – Johannes Mentelin opens print shop (approximate date). * 1464 – Heinrich Eggestein opens print shop (approximate date). * 1466 – World's first spectacle specialist shop opened in Strasbourg. * 1468 – World's first printed advertisement published in Strasbourg. * 1483 – printer in business. * 1518 – Dancing plague. * 1521 – St. Thomas finished. * 1523 – Protestant Reformation (approximate date). * 1538 – Lutheran Gymnasium founded. * 1552 – 19 September, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor visits Strasbourg. * 1570 – Christkindelsmärik begins. * 1574 – Astronomical clock erected, designed by Christian Herlin. * 1585 – Neubau inaugurated * 1588 – Grosse Metzig built. * 1592 – Strasbourg Bishops' War breaks out over disputed election to the bishopric 17th–18th centuries * 1605 – Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien newspaper in publication. * 1619 – Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg established. * 1621 – University founded. * 1681 – City annexed by France. * 1684 – Citadel built. * 1690 – Barrage Vauban opened. * 1697 – French annexation recognised by the Holy Roman Empire. * 1701 – Opera house opens. * 1725 – New Hospital completed * 1728 – World's first school for midwives opened in Strasbourg * 1732 –- Hôtel du grand doyenné inaugurated * 1736 – Hôtel de Hanau built. Hôtel de Klinglin built. * 1742 Palais Rohan inaugurated. Place Broglie laid out. * 1755 – Hôtel Gayot built * 1770 – Marie-Antoinette in Strasbourg. * 1771 – Goethe in Strasbourg. * 1778 – Mozart in Strasbourg (10 October - 3 November). He meets with Franz Xaver Richter, Johann Andreas Silbermann, Johann Baptist Wendling, Maximilian of Zweibrücken, and others. * 1772 – Place Kléber built. * 1790 – City becomes part of the Bas-Rhin souveraineté. * 1792 "La Marseillaise" composed by Rouget de Lisle. University closed. * 1793 – Population: 47,254. 19th century The Wagner-Liszt-Cosima-Nietzsche plaque. * 1801 – Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg collection founded. * 1805 – Napoleon in Strasbourg (also in 1806 and 1809). * 1821 – Théâtre Municipal opens. * 1823 – 5 December: Franz Liszt, aged 12, gives his first concert on French soil. * 1832 – Société des Amis des arts founded. * 1836 – Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte in Strasbourg * 1843 – Astronomical clock erected, designed by Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué. * 1846 – Gare de Strasbourg opens. * 1849 – Richard Wagner in Strasbourg (also in 1853 [with Liszt), 1858, and 1872 [with Cosima, and Nietzsche]). * 1853 – Marne–Rhine Canal opens. * 1855 – Orchestra and founded. * 1861 – Rhine Bridge, Kehl built. * 1862 - Association philomathique d'Alsace et de Lorraine founded. * 1870 – Siege of Strasbourg; art museum and city library destroyed. * 1871 – City becomes part of Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, German Empire. * 1872 Bibliothek established. University reopens as Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität. (publisher) in business. Population: 85,654. * 1873 – Théâtre Municipal rebuilt. * 1874 – Fort Rapp and other fortifications built. * 1877 – Elsäßische Neueste Nachrichten begins publication. * 1878 – Stele of Caius Largennius is discovered * 1880 – Population: 104,471. * 1881 – Observatory inaugurated. * 1883 – Kunstgewerbe Museum founded. * 1884 – Palais Universitaire built. * 1889 – Kaiserpalast inaugurated. * 1890 – Hohenlohe- Museum, Cabinet des estampes et des dessins collection, and Fussball Klub Straßburg founded. * 1891 – Population: 123,500. * 1893 – Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg building constructed. * 1897 – St. Paul's Church built. * 1898 – Palais de Justice built. * 1900 – FC Frankonia 1900 Straßburg (football club) formed. 20th century * 1901 – Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant Church restored. * 1903 – Sängerhaus inaugurated * 1904 Hôtel Brion built. Sainte-Madeleine Church destroyed by fire. * 1905 – Population: 167,678. Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss and Romain Rolland in Strasbourg for the First Alsatian Music Festival (Premier Festival Alsacien de Musique) * 1906 – Fußball Club Neudorf founded. * 1907 Musée alsacien opens. Sainte-Madeleine Church rebuilt. * 1911 – Population: 178,891. * 1914 – Stade de la Meinau opens. * 1918 – Alsace returns to France. * 1919 – Institut Européen d'Etudes Commerciales Supérieures de Strasbourg established. * 1920 Musée historique de Strasbourg founded. City designated headquarters of Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine. * 1928 Aubette redecorated. Strasbourg Illkirch Graffenstaden Basket formed. * 1931 Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame founded. Population: 181,465. * 1935 Strasbourg Airport opens. 8-10 June: first "International Olympics of Workers' Music and Songs" (I. Internationale Arbeiter-Musik- und Gesangs- Olympiade), featuring Hanns Eisler, and Ernst Busch. * 1940 – Alsace annexed to Germany. Adolf Hitler in Strasbourg. * 1941 – Reichsuniversität Straßburg formed. * 1944 23 November: City liberated from Germans. 27 November: Charles Frey becomes mayor. * 1945 – Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg established. * 1947 – Parts of the municipal art collections destroyed by accidental fire in Palais Rohan. * 1949 – Council of Europe headquartered in Strasbourg. * 1954 Amis du vieux Strasbourg (historical society) founded. Population: 200,921. * 1959 Pierre Pflimlin becomes mayor. City designated headquarters of European Court of Human Rights. * 1965 – City designated Seat of the European Parliament. * 1963 – La belle Strasbourgeoise bought, then the costliest painting ever purchased by a French museum. * 1967 – Urban Community of Strasbourg established. * 1969 – International Institute of Human Rights founded. * 1972 Administration of Urban Community of Strasbourg and City of Strasbourg merged into one entity. Opéra du Rhin formed. * 1974 European Science Foundation established. Discovery of Johann Sebastian Bach's personal copy of the printed edition of the "Goldberg Variations" with the hitherto unknown fourteen canons, BWV 1087. * 1975 – Palais de la musique et des congrès built (twice expanded afterwards: 1989, 2015) * 1977 – Palace of Europe built. * 1982 – Strasbourg becomes part of the Alsace region. * 1984 – City hosts UEFA European Football Championship. * 1987 – Internationaux de Strasbourg tennis tournament begins. * 1988 – Pope John Paul II addresses the European Parliament and the Council of Europe * 1989 Human Frontier Science Program established. City designated headquarters of Eurimages. * 1990 – Population: 252,338. * 1991 – École nationale d'administration relocates to Strasbourg. * 1992 City designated headquarters of European Audiovisual Observatory and Eurocorps. Arte television begins broadcasting. Musée archéologique renovated. * 1994 – Trams begin operating. * 1995 – Nuits Européennes begins. * 1998 – Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art building opens. * 1999 – Louise Weiss building inaugurated. * 2000 Étoile Noire de Strasbourg ice hockey team formed. Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot 21st century * 2001 Fabienne Keller becomes mayor. 13 killed and 97 injured by a fallen Platanus tree in .Drame de Pourtalès: Strasbourg coupable, liberation.fr, 27 March 2007 * 2005 Strasbourg-Ortenau eurodistrict formed. Patinoire Iceberg rink and Le Vaisseau open. * 2006 – Population: 272,975. * 2007 – Musée Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration opens. * 2008 École européenne de Strasbourg opens. Le Festival européen du film fantastique de Strasbourg begins. Roland Ries becomes mayor. * 2009 – City hosts NATO Strasbourg–Kehl summit. * 2011 –- Population: 272,222. * 2012 – Population: 274,394Insee.fr * 2014 Pope Francis addresses the European Parliament and the Council of Europe. March: held. * 2015 – Population: 277,270 December: held. * 2016 – Strasbourg becomes part of the Grand Est region. * 2018 – A jihadist attacks civilians near the Christmas market, killing five (December 11). See also * History of Strasbourg * List of mayors of Strasbourg * European institutions in Strasbourg * Bishopric of Strasbourg * Archbishop of Strasbourg * Other cities in the Grand Est region: * Timeline of Metz * Timeline of Mulhouse * Timeline of Nancy, France * Timeline of Reims * Timeline of Troyes References This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia. Bibliography =in English= * (+ 1852 Handbook for the Rhine =in French= v.1, v.2 =in German= * External links * Map of Strasbourg, 1985 * Items related to Strasbourg, various dates (via Europeana). * Items related to Strasbourg, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America). * Strasbourg "