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"Sigismund's Column (), originally erected in 1644, is located at Castle Square, Warsaw, Poland and is one of Warsaw's most famous landmarks as well as the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history. The column and statue commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who in 1596 had moved Poland's capital from Kraków to Warsaw. On the Corinthian column (which used to be of red marble), 8.5 m high, a sculpture of the King, 2.75-metres high, in archaistic armour is placed. Sigismund's Column now stands at 22 metres and is adorned by four eagles. The king is dressed in armor and carries a cross in one hand and wields a sword in the other. Origins and design ;17th century Construction of the Sigismund's Column, detail of the 1646 engraving by Willem Hondius. Erected between 1643 and 1644, the column was constructed on the orders of Sigismund's son and successor, King Władysław IV Vasa. It was designed by the Italian-born architect Constantino Tencalla and the sculptor Clemente Molli, and cast by Daniel Tym. The Zygmunt's Column was modelled on the Italian columns in front of Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (erected in 1614 to designs of Carlo Maderno), and the Column of Phocas in Rome (Władysław Vasa had seen both of them during his visit to Rome in 1625). In 1681 the monument was surrounded with a wooden fence, which was later replaced with a permanent iron fence. ;18th and 19th centuries The marble column itself was renovated several times in the next few centuries, most notably in 1743, 1810, 1821 and 1828. In 1854 the monument was surrounded with a fountain featuring marble tritons sculpted by the German, August Kiss. In 1863 the column was renovated somewhat again, but still needed work, and between 1885 and 1887 it was replaced with a new column of granite. Between 1927 and 1930, the monument was again renovated, and was restored to its original appearance when the fountain and the fence around it were removed. Toppled statue, 1945 ;20th century On 1 September 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, the monument's column was demolished by the Germans, and its bronze statue was badly damaged. After the war the statue was repaired, and in 1949 it was set up on a new column, made of granite from the Strzegom mine, a couple of metres from the original site. The original broken pieces of the column can still be seen lying next to the Royal Castle. The inscription On the side of the pedestal facing the Krakowskie Przedmieście is a plaque bearing the words in finest lettering reads: > HONORI·ET·PIETATI > SACRAM·STATVAM·HANC·SIGISMVNDO·III·VLADISLAVS·IV > NATURA·AMORE·GENIO·FILIVS > ELECTIONE·SERIE·FELICITATE·SVCCESSOR > VOTO·ANIMO·CVLTV·GRATVS > PATRI·PATRIAE·PARENTI·OPT: MER: ANNO·DNI·MDCXLIII PONI·IVSSIT·CVI·IAM > GLORIA·TROPHEVM·POSTERITAS·GRATITVDINEM > AETERNITAS·MONVMENTVM·POSVIT·AVT·DEBET The inscription on the bronze plate of the column: "King Sigismund III, by virtue of free election King of Poland, by virtue of inheritance, succession and law - King of Sweden, in love of peace and fame the first among kings, in war and victories not inferior to anyone, took prisoners of Tsar and Moscow chiefs, he conquered the capital and lands [of Moscow], defeated the Russian army, regained Smolensk, broke the power of Turkey near Khotyn, ruled for forty-four years, in the forty-fourth king" File:Kolumna Zygmunta - tablica północna.jpg File:Kolumna Zygmunta - tablica południowa.jpg File:Kolumna Zygmunta - tablica zachodnia.jpg File:Zygmunt.jpg File:Kolumna Zygmunta (zbliżenie) 02.JPG File:POL Warsaw Zygmunt`s Column 2008 (1).JPG Gallery =Original= Image:Kolumna Zygmunta-1644-1887.jpg1644–1887 Image:Kolumna Zygmunta-1887-1944.jpg1887–1944 =18th century= Image:Krakow Gate Warsaw.jpg Image:Bellotto_Cracow_Suburb_as_seen_from_the_Cracow_Gate.jpg =20th century= Image:Royal_Castle_Warsaw.jpg Image:Warsaw_castle_square.jpg Image:Kolumna Zygmunta + Zamek Krolewski (1941).jpg Image:Overthrown_statue_of_King_Sigismund_1945.jpg See also * Warsaw Old Town * Royal Castle, Warsaw References ::In-line: External links * Kolumna Zygmunta Category:Buildings and structures in Warsaw Category:Monumental columns in Poland Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1644 Category:Monuments and memorials in Warsaw Category:1640s establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Poland Category:Outdoor sculptures in Poland "
"The Way of a Pilgrim, or The Pilgrim's Tale is the English title of a 19th- century Russian work, recounting the narrator's journey as a mendicant pilgrim while practising the Jesus Prayer. The pilgrim's travels take him through southern and central Ukraine, Russia, and Siberia. It is unknown if the book is literally an account of a single pilgrim, or if it uses a fictional pilgrim's journey as a vehicle to teach the practice of ceaseless inner prayer and communion with God. The Russian original, or a copy of it, was present at a Mount Athos monastery in Greece in the 19th century, and was first published in Kazan in 1884, under the Russian title that translates as "Candid Narratives of a Pilgrim to His Spiritual Father." ()The Russian title of the book is "Откровенные рассказы странника духовному своему отцу" – literally, "Candid narratives of a pilgrim to his spiritual father." Authorship Critical scholarship has investigated the authorship of the four original and three supplementary tales. Aleksei Pentkovsky has argued that the first four tales survive in the form of a later redaction of an original work by Archimandrite Mikhail Kozlov (1826–1884), The Seeker of Unceasing Prayer, and that the supplementary tales are the work of Arsenii Troepolskii (1804–1870). Both of these men spent time as wanderers.Aleksei Pentkovsky (ed.), The Pilgrim's Tale, Paulist Press, 1999, introduction. Cf. Suzette Phillips in Holder 2009, pp. 294f. Plot The pilgrim's inner journey begins when he is struck upon hearing the words of Paul (in I Thessalonians 5:17) to "pray without ceasing." He visits churches and monasteries to try and understand how to pray without ceasing. His travels lead him to a starets (a spiritual father) who teaches him the Jesus Prayer—"Lord Jesus Christ have mercy on me"—and gives him practical advice on how to recite the prayer uninterruptedly, as a type of mantra.Smith, Huston, in the foreword of: The book details the gradual spiritual development and struggles of the narrator, and the effect the narrator's spirituality has on those around him. The sequel is entitled The Pilgrim Continues his Way. Translations of both documents were published together in some English editions. Background The most widely used English edition was translated by an Anglican clergyman who had served in Arkhangelsk, Reginald Michael (R. M.) French (1884-1969), and first published in 1931. In his Translator's Note, French wrote of the pilgrim that "everyone will appreciate the sincerity of his conviction and few probably will doubt the reality of his experience." French wrote that the events described in the book "appear to belong to a Russia prior to the liberation of the serfs [in] 1861." French also observed that the Pilgrim's narrative mentions the Crimean War, which began in 1853. Therefore, it was "between those two dates," 1853 and 1861, that the Pilgrim arrived at Irkutsk and found a spiritual father, two of the major events in the Pilgrim's narrative. Franny and Zooey The Way of a Pilgrim is central to the plot of both stories in Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger. Franny Glass, a young college student, is fascinated with The Way of a Pilgrim, describing it as a way "to see God," and saying that the Jesus Prayer is similar to techniques in Hinduism and Buddhism. Her brother Zooey knows that Franny's copy of the book actually belonged to their late brother, Seymour. Zooey questions her seeming obsession with the prayer. Franny and Zooey became an international best-seller, and was influential in spreading the popularity of The Way of a Pilgrim outside of monastic traditions and to people of different religious backgrounds. Reception to the way of prayer described in the book The Way of a Pilgrim is one of the most widely circulated prayer manuals in the Western world, with the Jesus Prayer possibly the most widely practiced Christian prayer after the Lord's Prayer and Hail Mary. The popularity of the book was influential in the modern rediscovery of hesychasm as a living practice. The pilgrim's method of prayer that is described in the book has received a mixed reception over the years from academics and clergy. Saint Ignatius Bryanchaninov wrote that the book might give a student the impression that "unceasing prayer of the heart," one goal of the practice, can be achieved after only a few weeks of practice, but that the pilgrim's experience and preparation were remarkable. His life leading up to the practice, and his study under a starets (his spiritual father), prepared him for the beneficial results he received. In an introduction to the translation by Olga Savin, Thomas Hopko describes the book as a "spiritual classic" which teaches that ceaseless prayer is not only the goal, and the one thing worth living for, but is "life itself." Like other clergy, he points out that the pilgrim teaches the practice of ceaseless prayer should be done with the guidance of a spiritual father, and with active participation in the Church and liturgy. He wrote that the book is for all who are pilgrims, and that it "provides protection and nourishment for the trip, pointing to its perils and demonstrating its rewards." Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy Alexei Osipov speaks in an interviewInterview with Prof. A.I. Osipov. The Way of a Pilgrim and Bishop Ignatius (Brianchaninov’s) Teaching on Prayer. 2008. about his article А.И. Осипов. Учение о молитве Иисусовой святителя Игнатия (Брянчанинова) и в "Откровенных рассказах странника". 2005. on this subject. In his opinion, the aim of the prayer, its steps, connection of the nous and the heart, the actions of grace in the book — all contradict the teaching of the Holy Fathers and can lead to delusion (prelest). Besides many Holy Fathers, Professor Osipov cites the letters of St. Theophan the Recluse, who initially corrected one of the editions of the book. In the end of his life, St. Theophan wrote to one person not to read the book because some of its advice was not suitable for that person, as it could lead him to prelest. St. Theophan the Recluse. Letters. Vol. 5. Letter 825. Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeyev) also cautions about the limitations of the pilgrim's method of the prayer in his book on imiaslavie and Jesus prayer. Hier. Hilarion (Alfeyev). Holy Secret of the Church. 2002. Metropolitan Hilarion writes that the pilgrim's rate of the prayer is significantly faster than in the teaching of St. Ignatius Brianchaninov and St. Theophan the Recluse, who also did not recommend to use psychosomatic method of the prayer. Metropolitan Hilarion writes that St. Theophan removed the writings of the Holy Fathers on psychosomatic method from his edition of the book and edited some parts that could cause prelest. On the other hand, Metropolitan Hilarion notes the success of the book and its role in the acquaintance of the West with the Eastern Christian practices of the Jesus prayer. Editions * The Way of a Pilgrim: and The Pilgrim Continues His Way (1954) R. M. French (translator), Huston Smith (introduction), Harper SanFrancisco 1991 reprint: * The Way of a Pilgrim, and The Pilgrim Continues His Way (1978) Helen Bacovcin (translator), Walter Ciszek (foreword), Image Doubleday 1985 reprint: * The Way of a Pilgrim and A Pilgrim Continues His Way (1991) Olga Savin (translator), Thomas Hopko (foreword), Shambhala 2001 reprint: * The Pilgrim's Tale (1999) edited and with an introduction by Aleksei Pentkovsky, T. Allan Smith (translator), Jaroslav Pelikan (preface), Paulist Press, * The Way of a Pilgrim (2001) abridged translation and annotation on facing pages by Gleb Pokrovsky, Skylight Paths, * The Way of a Pilgrim: Candid Tales of a Wanderer to His Spiritual Father (2017), Anna Zaranko (translator), Andrew Louth (introduction), Penguin Books See also *Hesychasm *Poustinia *Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology) *Japa *Dhikr References External links * The Way of the Pilgrim – full text, in English by R.M. French * The Way of a Pilgrim – full text, in Russian Category:Eastern Orthodox spirituality Category:Hesychasm Category:1884 books Category:Works published anonymously Category:Works of unknown authorship "
"Howells may refer to: People *Howells (surname) Places in the United States *Howells, Colorado, a place in Colorado *Howells, Nebraska *Howells, New York *Howells Junction, New York, a place in New York Business establishments *Howells (department store), the largest department store in Cardiff, Wales, established by James Howell *Howells & Stokes, a defunct architectural firm founded 1897 in New Haven, Connecticut, USA See also *Howell (disambiguation) "