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":See also 2001 in birding and ornithology, main events of 2002, other specialist lists of events in 2002 and 2003 in birding and ornithology. Worldwide =New species= :See also Bird species new to science described in the 2000s To be completed =Taxonomic developments= To be completed Europe =Britain= Breeding birds * A pair of European bee-eaters nests at Bishop Middleham Quarry in County Durham, raising two young - see Bee-eaters in Britain Migrant and wintering birds To be completed Rare birds * The small influx of orange-billed terns occurred in England and Wales during the summer, involving at least two birds believed to be elegant terns. * A male pallid harrier at Elmley, Kent in August is the first long-staying bird on the British mainland, and attracts thousands of visitors * A lesser kestrel on the Isles of Scilly in May was the first to be seen by large numbers of observers * A juvenile Allen's gallinule on the Isle of Portland, Dorset is the second British record; it died soon after being found * A female lesser sand plover in Lincolnshire in May is Britain's second * A rufous turtle dove on Orkney in November is the first to be seen by large numbers of observers * A tree swallow on Unst, Shetland in May was Britain's second * Two Sykes' warblers were seen, taking the British total to five * A record influx of rose-coloured starlings occurred in June, involving some 128 individuals Other events * The British Birdwatching Fair has Sumatra's rainforests as its theme for the year. =Scandinavia= To be completed North America To be completed Australasia =New Zealand= * A total of 24 kakapo chicks are fledged on Codfish Island, increasing the world population of this critically endangered species from 62 birds to 86, the biggest increase since the start of the Kakapo Recovery programme. References Birding and ornithology Bird Category:Birding and ornithology by year "
"Numen, pl. numina, is a Latin term for "divinity", or a "divine presence", "divine will." The Latin authors defined it as follows:For a more extensive account, refer to Cicero writes of a "divine mind" (divina mens), a god "whose numen everything obeys," and a "divine power" (vis divina) "which pervades the lives of men." It causes the motions and cries of birds during augury. In Virgil's recounting of the blinding of the one-eyed giant, Polyphemus, from the Odyssey, in his Aeneid, he has Odysseus and his men first "ask for the assistance of the great numina" (magna precati numina).3\. 634. Reviewing public opinion of Augustus on the day of his funeral, the historian Tacitus reports that some thought "no honor was left to the gods" when he "established the cult of himself" (se ... coli vellet) "with temples and the effigies of numina" (effigie numinum). Pliny the younger in a letter to Paternus raves about the "power," the "dignity," and "the majesty;" in short, the "numen of history." Lucretius uses the expression numen mentis,T. Lucretius Carus, De Natura rerum, 3.144. or "bidding of the mind," where "bidding" is numen, not, however, the divine numen, unless the mind is to be considered divine, but as simply human will. Since the early 20th century, numen has sometimes been treated in the history of religion as a pre-animistic phase; that is, a belief system inherited from an earlier time. Numen is also used by sociologists to refer to the idea of magical power residing in an object, particularly when writing about ideas in the western tradition. When used in this sense, numen is nearly synonymous with mana. However, some authors reserve use of mana for ideas about magic from Polynesia and southeast Asia. Etymology Etymologically, the word means "a nod of the head", here referring to a deity as it were "nodding", or making its will or its presence known). According to H. J. Rose: > The literal meaning is simply "a nod", or more accurately, for it is a > passive formation, "that which is produced by nodding", just as flamen is > "that which is produced by blowing", i.e., a gust of wind. It came to mean > "the product or expression of power" — not, be it noted, power itself. Thus, numen (divinity) is not personified (although it can be a personal attribute) and should be distinguished from deus (god)., freely available from Project Gutenberg Roman cults of the numina Numen was also used in the imperial cult of ancient Rome, to refer to the guardian-spirit, 'godhead' or divine power of a living emperor—in other words, a means of worshiping a living emperor without literally calling him a god. The cult of Augustus was promoted by Tiberius, who dedicated the Ara Numinis Augusti. Reprinted in Fishwick, D. (1990). In this context, a distinction can be made between the terms numen and genius. Reprinted in Fishwick, D. (1990). Definition as a pre-animistic phase of religion The expression Numen inest appears in Ovid's Fasti (III, 296) and has been translated as 'There is a spirit here'.Ovid. Fasti. Translated by Frazer, James George. Loeb Classical Library Volume. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1931. Its interpretation, and in particular the exact sense of numen has been discussed extensively in the literature. The supposition that a numinous presence in the natural world supposed in the earliest layers of Italic religion, as it were an "animistic" element left over in historical Roman religion and especially in the etymology of Latin theonyms, has often been popularly implied, but was criticised as "mostly a scholarly fiction" by McGeough (2004).Kevin McGeough The Romans: new perspectives 2004:179 "Numinous Forces and Other scholarly Inventions"; "Scholars may have to content themselves with nodes of meanings for the Italic gods rather than hard-and- fast definitions," observes Charles Robert Phillips III, in "A Note on Vergil's Aeneid 5, 744," Hermes 104.2 (1976:247–249) p. 248, with recent bibliography; Gerhard Radke's classification of the forms and significances of these multifarious names in Die Götter Altitaliens (Münster, 1965) was criticized as "unwarranted precision" in the review by A. Drummond in The Classical Review, New Series, 21.2 (June 1971:239–241); the coupling and uncoupling of Latin and Italic cognomina of the gods, creating the appearance of a multitude of deities, were classically dissected in Jesse Benedictus Carter, De Deorum Romanorum Cognominibus: Quaestiones Selectae (Leipzig, 1898). Numina and specific religions The phrase "numen eris caeloque redux mirabere regna" appears on line 129 of the poem Metrum in Genesin, attributed to Hilary of Arles. Analogies in other societies * Kami in Japanese Shinto * mana in Polynesian mythology * maban in Australian Aboriginal mythology * manetuwak in Lenape mythology * shekhinah in Semitic mythology * sila, inua in Inuit mythology * teotl in Aztec mythology * mægen in Anglo-Saxon mythology * väki in Baltic-Finnic mythology In popular culture In modern times, the term (referring to the Christian God) has been used in various expressions: * Innocue vivito, numen adest (Live blameless; God is here.) was the motto of Carl Linnaeus, taken from Ovid's Ars Amatoria (I, 640). * Nil sine numine is the state motto of Colorado. Its origin could be the phrase "...non haec sine numine divum eveniunt" (...these things do not come to pass without the will of Heaven) from Virgil's Aeneid (II, 777). * Benigno numine (with divine favor) is the motto of the city of Pittsburgh. * Numen lumen (God is the light) is the motto of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Elon University. * The term numen appears three times (142.23, 162.13, 282.21) in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake. See also * Animism * Lares * Penates * Sacred (comparative religion) References Further reading * * External links * Roman religion Category:Ancient Roman religion Category:History of religion Category:Sociology of religion Category:Vitalism "
"VT Communications was a part of VT Group plc. VT Communications was essentially the company formed from the privatisation of the BBC World Service transmitter sites. It was initially named Merlin Communications, then, after acquisition by VT, VT Merlin Communications. It provided transmission services to over 20 different customers from four main sites in the UK and many others in the rest of the world. In 2003, the company was awarded a £228m public private partnership contract to operate the Defence High Frequency Communications Service for a period of fifteen years on behalf of the Ministry of Defence. It was based at the Blue Fin Building on London's South Bank, which hosted the company's broadcast Media Management Centre and where it formed part of Babcock International Group, after its acquisition on 8 July 2010.Babcock Acquisition National Physical Laboratory time signal From 1950, the National Physical Laboratory time signal, the UK's national time reference, was broadcast on 60 kHz from the MSF transmitter at Rugby radio station by BT Communications under licence from the NPL. When that contract expired, VT Communications won the new licence and, following successful testing in early 2007, took over broadcasting the signal from its new location at Anthorn radio station. The formal inauguration of the new facility was on 1 April 2007, when the signal from Rugby was permanently switched off, and the name of the service was changed to "The Time from NPL". Main transmission sites in the UK * Woofferton * Rampisham * Skelton * Orfordness * Anthorn References External links * VT Group plc Category:BBC World Service Category:Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom "