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"HD 40307 d is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years from Earth in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method, using the HARPS apparatus in June 2008. It is the most massive of the six proposed planets in the system. The planet is of interest as this star has relatively low metallicity, supporting a hypothesis that different metallicities in protostars determine what kind of planets they will form. Discovery HD 40307 d was discovered through the Doppler spectroscopy method, which functions by measuring the variations in radial velocity in a star produced by the gravitational effect of orbiting exoplanets. The radial velocities were measured by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher spectrography system (HARPS) at the La Silla Observatory in Chile's Atacama Desert. The other less massive planets orbiting HD 40307 were discovered in the same way: HD 40307 b and HD 40307 c first, and then HD 40307 e, HD 40307 f, and HD 40307 g. The discovery of HD 40307 d and the former two was announced at the astrophysics conference that took place on June 16–18, 2008 in Nantes, France. Orbit and mass HD 40307 d has a mass of at least 9.2 times Earth's; assuming that all planets in the system have coplanar orbits, it is the most massive planet known in the system. The planet orbits approximately 0.135 astronomical units from its primary star, as compared to Earth's orbit at approximately one astronomical unit away from the Sun. As a result, one year on HD 40307 d constitutes approximately 20.45 Earth days. The eccentricity of the planet's orbit was found to not differ significantly from zero, meaning that there is insufficient data to distinguish the orbit from an entirely circular one. The star around which HD 40307 d orbits has an unusually low metallicity compared to that of other planet-bearing stars. This supports a hypothesis concerning the possibility that the metallicity of stars during their births may determine whether a protostar's accretion disk forms gas giants or terrestrial planets. Characteristics The planet has not been found to transit and, further, it is not likely to. It has also not been imaged. More specific physical characteristics such as radius, composition, and average surface temperature cannot be observed.Characterizing Extrasolar Planets, Timothy M. Brown, chapter 3, Extrasolar Planets: XVI Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics, edited by Hans Deeg, Juan Antonio Belmonte, and Antonio Aparicio, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007, . A dynamical study of planets b, c, and d showed tidal effects at least on b and c, to the extent that b had to be a sub-Neptune. All the planets from b to at least f must have migrated inward. That study implied that d was a sub-Neptune as well. As such strong tidal forces often result in the destruction of larger natural satellites in planets orbiting close to a star, it is unlikely that HD 40307 d hosts any satellites. See alsoReferencesExternal links * * Category:HD 40307 Category:Exoplanets Category:Pictor (constellation) Category:Super-Earths Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2008 Category:Exoplanets detected by radial velocity "
"Rubus probus (syn. Rubus muelleri), or Atherton raspberry, is a wild tropical raspberry species native to Papua New Guinea and Australia.Atlas of Living Australia, Rubus probus L.H.Bailey, Wild Raspberry Atherton raspberry is upright in habit and exhibits low thorniness in comparison to most Rubus species. The leaves are shiny and compound. It produces an edible red berry.Bailey, Liberty Hyde. 1923. Gentes Herbarum; Occasional Papers on the Kinds of Plants 1(4): 150–151 It has been commercially cultivated to a limited extent in Australia as a cool season punnet fruit. ReferencesExternal links * probus Category:Flora of Papua New Guinea Category:Bushfood Category:Flora of Australia Category:Plants described in 1923 "
"The John F. Kennedy Civic Arena (also known as Kennedy Arena) is an indoor ice skating and ice hockey arena located in Rome, New York. The arena was home to the Copper City Chiefs of the North East Hockey League during the league's failed 2007–2008 season. The arena would have been home to the Eastern Professional Hockey League franchise, but the team folded before the season. During the 2010-2011 season, it was home to the Rome Frenzy of the Federal Hockey League. The John F. Kennedy Civic Arena is one of the City of Rome’s most popular venues. It was originally constructed in 1963, opened in 1964, and renovated in 2008. The arena hosts numerous figure skating and ice hockey events, as well as learn-to-skate programs for youths. It is home to the Rome Free Academy varsity hockey team, which plays its home games at the 1,200-seat facility. The arena is a regional facility, used primarily for ice hockey and figure skating from October through March. The primary users are the Ford Stanwix Hockey Association, a not-for-profit youth hockey organization; Rome Free Academy; Rome Catholic High School; a local figure skating club; various local groups and organizations, and the general public. The arena is located at 500 W. Embargo Street in the City of Rome. It is co-located with the Municipal Pool. Municipal Pool is a community facility, open from June through early September. It includes a standard-size recreational swimming pool, two water play slides, and a bathhouse with restrooms. It meets the recreational swimming needs of west Rome. The arena and pool are served by a large parking lot off of Jay and Embargo Streets with space for more than 150 vehicles. A smaller lot on the arena's west side is used primarily by employees and hockey officials. Copper City Chiefs The Copper City Chiefs semi-professional hockey team was established in 1963 and folded at the end of the 1988 season. The team played in the Kennedy Arena when it opened in 1964. During the 1960s they played in a league of cities in the state of New York. In the 1970s they played in a league of teams from New England states and New York. In the 1980s, the team played against Senior A, Senior B, and Intermediate Level teams from Ontario, Canada. The Rome Copper City Chiefs were organized in 1963 under their original name of the Rome Knights, an unchartered recreational organization which was begun to provide athletic recreation in the form of ice hockey to adults who had played minor professional or college ice hockey. For six years, until 1971, the Knights played ice hockey by invitation; that is, inviting teams from the surrounding area to Rome's John F. Kennedy Arena.Ron Sweeney, interview conducted by Robert Kirchner, Rome, New York, 21 May 1985. The Knights were not part of any formal league at this time, nor were they affiliated with a National Hockey League (NHL) or professional hockey team. However, during their existence many of their rostered players had some minor professional experience. The Knights engaged in strictly invitational hockey games, usually paying expenses of the opposing team so they would play in Rome. This was gradually expanded over the years to include teams from as far away as Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the Canadian province of Ontario. In the middle 1960s, interest in the Knights ice hockey team increased, primarily as an overflow from the Clinton Comets of the Eastern Hockey League, a professional farm team for the New York Rangers of the NHL. The presence of former Clinton Comets, along with the Knights' physical style of play, stimulated the general population's interest in attending Rome Knights hockey games. In 1971 the Rome Knights changed their name to the Copper City Chiefs. Rome is referred to as the Copper City, after the Revere Manufacturing Plant that once produced copperware in the city through the 1970s. The Rome Copper City Chiefs continued to play invitational games and increased their following in and around central New York. In 1971 the Clinton Comets folded. This brought more professional players to the Chiefs and added to the increased attendance at their games. A new general manager took control of the team and instituted a publicity campaign to further increase game attendance and provide further incentives for local business sponsorship. During the 1972–1973 season, the Chiefs' general manager met with managers of opposing teams, and they decided to form the Northeastern United States Hockey League. This was composed of teams from upstate New York, parts of Massachusetts, and northern New Jersey. League play, coupled with increased advertising and publicity, helped increase attendance, but also required the Chiefs to play in more away games. As added incentive for fans to attend their games, schedules of play were arranged for the 1973-1974 season to give maximum home play to teams that had a traditional adversary relationship. The league was successful and attendance between 1973 and 1975 increased to an overall average of 900 per game. End-of-season league play-offs were standing room only. But involvement in the league, which was never formalized enough to support and enforce the schedules (i.e., no penalty for missed games, forfeitures), also created additional expenses for all the teams. The league folded as teams withdrew due to financial hardships.Rome (New York) Daily Sentinel, 11 February 1974 During their 25 years of existence, supporter participation fluctuated, peaking during 1973-1975. Those seasons showed average game attendances of approximately 900. After the 1975 season, participation gradually declined, culminating in the 1984-1985 season's average attendance of 250.David Adams, interview conducted by Robert Kirchner, Rome, New York, 2 June 1985. Renovations After an almost $3.5 million renovation, Kennedy Arena was officially dedicated on January 30, 2009.J. F. Kennedy Arena Renovation Project The renovation raised the seating capacity from 800 to 1,200. Other improvements included a longer ice rink; new boards, glass, and safety net; new bleachers across the back end of the arena; four new locker rooms; upgrades to locker rooms; and an enhanced heating and lighting system.http://when-in-rome.com/index.php Improvements were also made to the warming room and concession area, to allow for more and better off- season use of the facility, including usage by teens and seniors. The shell of the building remains relatively unchanged from its original construction in 1963. ReferencesExternal links * Kennedy Arena on RomeNewYork.com Category:Sports venues in New York (state) Category:Indoor arenas in New York (state) Category:Sports venues in Oneida County, New York Category:Rome, New York Category:Indoor ice hockey venues in New York (state) Category:1964 establishments in New York (state) Category:Sports venues completed in 1964 "