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"Gumel or Gumal (as the natives call it) is a city and traditional emirate in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Geography Gumel is located 120 km northeast of Kano, and lies about 20 km south of Nigeria's northern border with Niger. As of 2007 the estimated population of Gumel was 44,158. History The emirate was founded about 1750 by Dan Juma of Kano and his followers from the Mangawa tribe. Shortly after his death in 1754, it became a tributary state of the Bornu kingdom. The emirate survived the Fulani attacks of Usman dan Fodio's jihad in the early 19th century and never became part of the Fulani empire of Sokoto. The present-day location of Gumel is the result of an 1845 move from the city of Tumbi, located in what is now Niger. The emirate has frequently been at war with the nearby cities of Hadejia, Danzomo, Kano, and Zinder since 1828. The war with Hadejia continued until the death of Gumel's emir, Abdullahi, in 1872. Before Emir Ahmadu accepted British rule in 1903, frequent slave raids from the town of Zinder were common. In 1976 Gumel became part of Kano State, and since 1991 it has been part of Jigawa State near Danzomo, Gagarawa, Sule Tankarkar, and Maigatari. The current emir of Gumel, HRH Alh. Ahmed Mohammed Sani II (CON) is the 16th emir of Gumel. The emir is a graduate, in political science, of Ohio State University in the United States. He has a younger brother, Abdullahi Muhammad Sani II, who is a graduate of Michigan State University in the United States, with a major in electrical engineering. The emir has been in office since 1981. The emir's palace is accessible only to those invited there by the emir, to members of the royal family, and to officials of the royal court (the emirate council, also called the Majlis). =The Gumel Emirate family tree= Emirs * 1749 - 1754 Dan Juma I dan Musa * 1754 - 1760 Adamu Karro dan Digadiga Karro (d. 1760) * 1760 - 1777 Dan Juma II dan Digadiga Karro * 1777 - 1804 Maikota dan Adam Karro (d. 1804) * 1804 - 1811 Kalgo dan Maikota (d. 1811) * 1811 - 1828 Dan Auwa dan Maikota (d. 1828) * 1828 - 1851 Muhamman Dan Tanoma dan Maikota (d. 1851) * 1851 - 1853 Ceri dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (1st time) * 1853 - 1855 Muhamman Atu dan Dan Auwa * 1855 - 1861 Ceri dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (2nd time) * 1861 - 1872 `Abd Allahi dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (d. 1872) * 1872 - 1896 Abu Bakar dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (d. 1896) * 1896 - 1915 Ahmadu dan Abi Bakar * 1915 - 1944 Muhamman na Kota dan Ahmadu (d. 1944) * May 1944 - 1981 Maina Muhammad Sani II dan Muhamman na Kota (b. 1912) * 1981 - Ahmad Muhammad Sani II dan Maina Muhammad Sani II Economy Gumel acts as the region's primary economic center. Sorghum, millet, and peanuts are collected here and trucked to Kano on a secondary highway where they are exported by rail. References Category:Local Government Areas in Jigawa State Category:Populated places in Jigawa State "
"Gummel may refer to: In people: * Margitta Gummel (born 1941), a former athlete from East Germany * Hermann Gummel, a pioneer in semiconductor industry In other uses: * Gumel, or Gummel, a town and traditional emirate in Jigawa State, Nigeria * Gummel–Poon model, a model of the bipolar junction transistor * Gummel plot, transistor plot "
"The military history of Croatia encompasses wars, battles and all military actions fought on the territory of modern Croatia and the military history of the Croat people regardless of political geography. Medieval Croatian states Croatian principalities = The first mention of Croatian military actions dates from the time of the Croatian principalities in the 8th and 9th centuries. Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia led a Croatian army in wars against the Avars at the end of the 8th century. He launched a joint counterattack with the help of Frankish troops under Charlemagne in 791. The offensive was successful and the Avars were driven out of what then became Pannonian Croatia under Frankish overlords. In 819, his successor Duke Ljudevit Posavski raised a rebellion against the Franks. Ljudevit won many battles against the Franks, but in 822 his forces were defeated. Prince Borna of Croatia led the army of Dalmatian Croatia and had a primary role in crushing Ljudevit's rebellion. Borna reported his successes to the Frankish Emperor, stating that Ljudevit had lost over 3,000 soldiers and 300 horses during his campaign. Prince Trpimir I of Croatia battled successfully against his neighbours, the Byzantine coastal cities under the strategos of Zadar in 846–848. In 853 he repulsed an attack from an Army of the Bulgarian Khan Boris I and concluded a peace treaty with him, exchanging gifts. Prince Domagoj of Croatia is known in the history for his navy which helped the Franks to conquer Bari from the Arabs in 871. During Domagoj's reign piracy was a common practice, which earned him a title of The worst duke of Slavs (). One of the strongest Croatian princes was Branimir, whose naval fleet defeated the Venetian navy on 18 September 887. =Kingdom of Croatia= Hungarians arrival into the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian incursion into Croatia was repelled at the Battle of Drava River. First Croatian king Tomislav defeated the Magyar mounted invasions of the Arpads in battle and forced them across the Drava River. In 927 Tomislav's army heavily defeated the army of Bulgarian Emperor Simeon, under the command of general Alogobotur in the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands. One of Tomislav's admirals lead more than 5,000 sailors, soldiers and their families into Slavic quarter of Palermo, Sicily. At the peak of his reign, according to Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos' De Administrando Imperio, written around 950, Tomislav could raise a vast military force composed out of 100,000 infantrymen and 60,000 horsemen and a sizable fleet of 80 large ships and 100 smaller vessels. According to the palaeographic analysis of the original manuscript of De Administrando Imperio, the estimation of the number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia between 440 and 880 thousand people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines - the Croatian military force was most probably composed of 20,000-100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000-24,000 horsemen organized in 60 allagions. King Dmitar Zvonimir of Croatia took the hard line against the Byzantine Empire and joined the Normansin wars against Byzantium. When Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, invaded the western Balkan provinces of the empire in 1084, Zvonimir sent troops to his aid. King Petar Svačić's troops maintained resistance against repelling Hungarian assaults at Mount Gvozd in the war for the succession of the Croatian throne. At the end, the last native Croatian king was defeated and killed by King Coloman of Hungary in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain (1097). =Notable wars and battles of early medieval times= Notable wars and battles that included Croatian army: *Siege of Trsat (799) *Battle of Kupa (819) *Battle of Drava River (925) *Croatian-Bulgarian wars **Battle of the Bosnian Highlands (926) Depiction of King Petar Svačić's death at the Battle of Gvozd Mountain. Svačić's death led to a secession crisis in Croatia and an eventual dynastic union between Croatia and Hungary. *Battle of Gvozd Mountain (1097) *Siege of Zadar (1202) – part of Fourth Crusade *Fifth Crusade (1213–1221) *Battle of Klis Fortress (1242) – part of Mongol invasion of Europe *Battle of Grobnik field (1242) *Battle of Bliska (1322) *Battle of Samobor (1441) Ottoman Conquest (15th–18th centuries) *Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War: **Battle of Krbava field (1493) **Battle of Dubica (1513) **Siege of Klis (1524) **Siege of Jajce (1524) **Battle of Mohács (1526) **Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 **Balkan campaign of 1529 **Little War in Hungary (1530 – c.1552) **Siege of Güns (1532) **Katzianer's Campaign (1537) **Battle of Szigetvár (1566) **Siege of Gvozdansko (1577–1578) **Battle of Brest (1592) Nikola Šubić Zrinski's charge from the fortress of Szigetvár during the Ottoman siege of the city in 1566. **Battle of Sisak (1593) *Long War (1593–1606) **Battle of Brest (1596) *Great Turkish War (1662–1699) **Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) **Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664) **Battle of Mohács (1687) **Battle of Slankamen (1691) **Battle of Zenta (1697) *Battle of Petrovaradin (1716) *Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) Historic units and formations originating from the time of the Ottoman wars: * Military Frontier * Grenz infantry * Uskoci * Pandurs * Royal Cravattes * Royal Croatian Home Guard 19th century At the beginning of the 19th century many Croatian troops (as a part of the Austrian imperial army) fought in the Napoleonic wars against the French Grande Armée. Later, a significant Croatian force (four regiments) fought on the French side during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.Napoleon's Foreign Infantry Josip Jelačić with his soldiers before the Battle of Schwechat. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Jelačić's forces supported the armies of the Austrian Empire. At the end of the first half of the 19th century, following in the wake of the French revolution, Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non- violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization. By the 1840s, and during the revolutions of 1848, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands which grew even bigger during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary. *Battles of the Hungarian Revolution involving Croats: **Battle of Pákozd (1848) **Vienna Uprising (1848) **Battle of Schwechat (1848) **Battle of Mór (1848) Croatian troops also contributed in other conflicts which involved the Austrian Empire. According to the sources, out of 7,871 sailors on Austrian ships around 5,000 were Croats.The Battle of Vis, by Ante Sucur Many Croatian sailors fought on the Austrian side in 1866 during Third Italian War of Independence in the Battle of Vis. 20th centuryWorld War I= Svetozar Boroević was a Croat field marshal which served in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I. During World war I, Croatian soldiers served in Croatian Home Guard units, Croatian military section of Austro-Hungarian army formed after Croatian–Hungarian Agreement of 1868. Most notable Croatian commanders of that time were Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević, General Stjepan Sarkotić and Admiral Maximilian Njegovan. Notable battles of World War I that included Croatian troops: *Serbian Campaign (World War I) (1914) *Adriatic Campaign of World War I (1914–1918) *Battle of Galicia (1914) *Brusilov Offensive (1916) *Battle of Soča (1915) *Battle of Caporetto (1917) *Bombardment of Ancona (1915) *Battle of the Piave River (1918) *Battle of Vittorio Veneto (1918) The end of World War I was followed by the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the formation of new national states. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was formed from the southernmost parts of the Austria-Hungary but it lasted for only a month. After it was clear that Austria-Hungary had lost World War I, the Austrian government decided to give much of the Austro-Hungarian Navy fleet, to the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. This move would have avoided handing the fleet to the Allies, since the new state had declared neutrality. Soon, the Fleet was attacked and dismembered by the Italian Regia Marina and the flagship SMS Viribus Unitis was sunk along with his captain and commander of Navy of the newly formed state, admiral Janko Vuković. =World War II= partisans during the Second World War. Battles of World War II: *Invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) *Battle of Stalingrad (1942) *Battle of Neretva (1943) *Battle of Sutjeska (1943) *Battle on Lijevča field (1945) *Battle of Sarajevo (1945) *Battle of Odžak (1945) = Cold War = * Trieste Crisis * United Nations Emergency Force =Croatian War of Independence= Battles of Croatian War of Independence: *Operation Coast-91 (1991) *Battle of the Dalmatian channels (1991) *Battle of Vukovar (1991) *Battle of the barracks (1991) *Operation Otkos 10 (1991) *Siege of Dubrovnik (1991) *Operation Maslenica (1993) *Operation Medak pocket (1993) *Operation Flash (1995) *Operation Storm (1995) *Bosnian War **Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) **Operation Winter '94 (1994) **Operation Summer '95 (1995) **Operation Mistral 2 (1995) **Operation Southern Move (1995) 21st Century War in Afghanistan = * International Security Assistance Force * Resolute Support Mission On 24 July 2019, corporal Josip Briški of Croatian Special Forces Command was killed in a Taliban suicide attack. He was the only Croatian soldier killed in action during Croatian deployment in Afghanistan. In 2020 president Zoran Milanović announced announced complete withdrawal from Afghanistan after initial Croatian deployment in 2003. = Kosovo = * Kosovo Force See also *History of Croatia *History of Croatian Navy *History of Croatian Air Force *Military of Croatia *List of Croatian soldiers References *Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda 1966–69 "