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"Giuseppe Garampi Giuseppe Garampi (29 October 1725 – 4 May 1792) was an Italian scholar and collector of documents and books. He was born in Rimini, the son of Count Lorenzo Garampi, a patrician of the city of Rimini. As a youth he studied in Rimini under the preceptorship of the naturalist Janus Plancus (Giovanni Bianchi). When Rimini was invaded by foreign armies, however, he went to Florence, where he became a follower of Johannes Lamius. He then went to Modena, where he became acquainted with Ludovico Antonio Muratori, the antiquarian and historian. He returned to Rimini, in 1741, where he continued his antiquarian and historical researches, working in the Biblioteca Gambalunga. In 1745 he became a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, whose branch at Rimini had been refounded by Janus Plancus.Marina Caffiero, "Garampi, Giuseppe," Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 52 (1999); retrieved: 13 May 2019}}. Garampi turned to an ecclesiastical career, taking minor Holy Orders in Rimini in 1746. He then decided to seek a wider and more remunerative field for his talents in Rome.Girolamo Amati, "De vita Josephi Garampii Cardinalis Commentarius", in: In September 1747, he was ordained a Subdeacon, and then a Deacon, and on 31 March 1749 he was ordained a priest., p. 121, note 2. In 1749, at the age of twenty-four, he published in Rome a numismatic and historical treatise on Pope Benedict III (855–858), which drew him to the attention of the scholarly community attached to the papal court, including Pope Benedict XIV himself. He served as Prefect of the Archives from 1751 until 1772, during which time he compiled the Schedario Garampi, a massive card index for the Vatican Secret Archives. Although never completed, it is still in use. A few weeks after his appointment as Archivist, on 20 October 1752, Garampi was appointed a Canon of the Vatican Basilica by Pope Benedict XIV.Amati, p. 5. On 16 January 1772, Garampi was granted the degree Doctor in utroque iure by Pope Clement XIV by means of an apostolic rescript. On 27 January 1772, Garampi was appointed titular Archbishop of Berytus (Beirut, Lebanon); he was consecrated on 9 February by Cardinal Lazzaro Pallavicini. On 20 March 1772, he was appointed papal Nuncio to the King of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski. He served as Nuncio until October 1775.Ritzler-Sefrin, p. 121 with note 2. He was appointed papal Nuncio in Vienna, from 16 March 1776 to 1785. On 20 May 1776, Pope Pius V transferred him from the titular diocese of Berytus to the diocese of Corneto e Montefiascone (1776–1792), allowing him to retain the title of archbishop.Ritzler-Sefrin, pp. 121 with note 2; 295 with note 5. Pope Pius VI named him a Cardinal in the consistory of 14 February 1785, and on 3 April 1786 appointed him to the Titular church of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo.Ritzler- Sefrin, pp. 34, 44 column 2. On 20 August 1790, Garampi was named protector of the German college in Rome.Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 34 note 90. He died in Rome at the German College on 4 May 1792, and was buried temporarily in the church of S. Apollinare. On 16 November 1792, the remains were taken to Ss. Giovanni e Paolo for permanent entombment.Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 34 note 91. References Sources Dengel, Ignaz Philipp (1903). "Nuntius Josef G. in Preussisch Schlesien und in Sachsen im Jahre 1776. Bericht über seine Reise von Warschau über Breslau nach Dresden," in: External links *David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy.org, on page "Giuseppe Garampi. *Antonio Montanari, "Giuseppe Garampi, tra i Grandi della politica," Riministoria; retrieved 13 May 2019. Category:1725 births Category:1792 deaths Category:Bishops of Montefiascone Category:People from Rimini Category:Italian cardinals Category:Apostolic Nuncios to Austria Category:18th-century Italian people Category:18th-century Roman Catholic bishops Category:Cardinals created by Pope Pius VI "
"Grosnez Castle is a ruined 14th-century castle in Saint Ouen, situated in Grosnez in the north-west corner of the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands.Grosnez Castle Philippe de Carteret held it against the French when they held half of Jersey between 1461 and 1467, but it has been a ruin since the mid-16th century.https://www.jerseyheritage.org/heritage- landscape/grosnez-castle Today, the ruins are open to the public. Furthermore, there are concrete steps that lead from the rear of Grosnez Castle to a small automated signal station; the station platform affords scenic views. Name The name comes from the old Norse words for "grey headland" - - an accurate description of the site when seen from the sea. In time the spelling evolved to resemble the French for big nose. A nearby headland to the west has a similar name, Rouge Nez.Rouge Nez History Sir John des Roches ordered the castle built around 1330, about the time of the start of the Hundred Years' War. The castle's purpose was to provide local farmers with a place of refugee from French attacks.King (1988), p.12.Dillon (2011), p.69. The walls are of local granite and are thickest on the landward side. The castle's position on a clifftop 200 ft (~ 60 m) above the sea means that the natural features of the site protect it on three sides. A ditch dug into the rock provides protection on the fourth side. The remains of ruined walls, mostly footings, are still present.http://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Grosnez_Castle A drawbridge and portcullis protected the gatehouse, which is the only substantial surviving remnant, and would have made it difficult to capture. There are traces of six simple buildings. The castle, though, had a number of weaknesses: *There were no sally ports for counter-attacks; *Most importantly, there was no water well inside the walls. Another view of the castle The French captured the castle in 1373 and 1381. The castle was probably last used militarily during the time of the French occupation of Jersey (1461–1468, when the French held the east of the island, but loyal Jersey folk held the western parishes). In 1483, after several years of petitioning King Edward IV, the Seigneur of St Ouen - recommended to the King's Grace by his father-in-law the governor, was granted a ″License to Crenelate″ - that is allowed to fortify his manor house. Governor Harliston approved the dismantling of the ″fort of refuge″ at Grosnez so that the already-worked stone could be re-used in fortifying St. Ouen's Manor. The financial savings were important to Seigneur De Carteret, as - when he came into his majority - ″trees grew in the Hall of the Manor because his Guardians had wasted the substance of the Rentes″ i.e. - embezzled the income - and he was investing heavily in renovating the dilapidated manor buildings. His shortage of money was both what influenced him to marry the daughter of the Plantagenet Governor Harliston, and also what led him into conflict with the second governor of the island after 1486. When Matthew Baker was sent to take Harliston's place in 1486, the Seigneur had not paid his taxes to the Exchequer for three years - since the death of Edward IV. De Carteret was already under some suspicion as a Plantagenet supporter - after all - the rebel Governor Harliston was his father-in-law. When King Henry VII ordered a general examination of outstanding accounts by the Exchequer clerks, it was inevitable that De Carteret would be required to pay the back taxes he owed the Crown. This, then, is the background to the dismantling of Grosnez Castle - and also of the later friction between De Carteret and Matthew Baker. In 1806, a naval signal station was established at Grosnez to send messages to Guernsey. Modern depiction Grosnez Castle appears on the reverse of the Jersey 50 pence coin. Citations and references Citations References * Dillon, Paddy (2011) Walking on Jersey: 24 routes and the Jersey coastal walk. (Cicerone). * King, David James Cathcart (1988) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. (Routledge). * Hammond, Reginald J W (ed.), Channel Islands, (London, Ward Lock Red Guides, 1970), p. 63, Gallery Image:Grosnez castle Jersey gatehouse.jpg Image:Grosnez castle Jersey ruins.jpg Image:Châté d'Grosnez Juilet 2009 k.jpg Image:Châté d'Grosnez Juilet 2009 g.jpg Category:Castles in Jersey Category:Tourist attractions in Jersey Category:Buildings and structures in Saint Ouen, Jersey "
"Rede Brasileira de Televisão Internacional (Portuguese: Brazilian Network of International Television), better known as RBTI, is an international Brazilian television network. It airs programming from SBT network in Brazil as well as original content aimed at the Brazilian diaspora in Canada and the United States. History Rede Brasileira de Televisão Internacional, better known as RBTI, began its TV transmission on April 28, 2006 in São Paulo worldwide. The network is owned by Marcelo do Espirito Santo and the Espirito Santo family. RBTI is watched more 1 million people daily worldwide. Since its launch in 2006 the RBTI channel has become one of the local Brazilian- Portuguese community television in North America. First of the international television channels to bring the World Cup in Portuguese to the Community. RBTI programming lineup includes American movies in Portuguese, soap operas, talk shows, news, women shows, music, community, sports, science and family entertainment. It is also the first Brazilian channel in the United States and Canada to produce a daily community related show called Comunidade em Foco interviews with interesting Brazilians in the U.S. as well as a daily news segment, presented by Ana Maria. which keeps the community updated on the happenings of the Brazilian community thought the United States and Canada. It is currently available only in Canada via Bell Fibe TV, Rogers Cable and NEXTV. RBT International was available in the United States on Dish Network and cable in Miami, Boston and New York City. It was subsequently dropped by Dish Network on October 3, 2012. Slogans * 2006 - A TV feita para você ("TV made for you") * 2007 - Onde a estrela é você ("Where you are the star") * 2008 - Orgulho de ser brasileiro ("Proud to be Brazilian") External links * Category:Television networks in Brazil Category:Mass media in São Paulo Category:Cable television in Canada Category:Mass media in Toronto "