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"Sar'a (), was a Palestinian Arab village located 25 km west of Jerusalem, depopulated in the 1948 war. The site today is recognized by historical geographers as the biblical Zorah / Zoreah,E. Robinson & E. Smith, Biblical researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea (vol. 2), Boston 1841, pp. 339–340, 343; C.R. Conder, Tent Work in Palestine (vol. 1), London 1879, pp. 274–275; Ishtori Haparchi, Kaphtor u'ferach (3rd edition), vol. II -- chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 78 (note 282) (Hebrew), et al.Victor Guérin, Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine (vol. 3), Paris 1869, p. 323 and lies on a hill, at an elevation of about above sea- level.The Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, London 1871, p. 93 History =Bronze Age to Roman period= The Canaanites referred to Sar'a by the name of Sur'a or Zorah, mentioned in the Amarna letters. Under the Israelites it belonged to the Tribe of Dan. The Romans called it Sarea. =Ottoman period= Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of Palestine, Saris appears in the 1596 tax records as a village in the nahiya (subdistrict) of al-Ramla under the liwa' (district) of Gaza with a population 17 Muslim households, an estimated 94 persons. The villagers paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, olives, goats and beehives a total of 6,000 Akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 314 In 1838 Edward Robinson reported that the village belonged to the "Keis" faction, together with Laham Sheiks, of Bayt 'Itab.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 153 In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to be a village with some three hundred inhabitants.Guérin, 1869, pt 2, pp. 15-17Guérin, 1869, pt 3, p. 323 An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 21 houses and a population of 59, though the population count included only men.Socin, 1879, p. 160Hartmann, 1883, p. 145, also noted 21 houses C.R. Conder visited the site in 1873, recognizing it as "the ancient Zoreah," and described it as being "a little mud village."Claude Reignier Conder, Tent Work in Palestine (vol. 1), London 1879, pp. 274–275 In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) wrote that it was a moderate sized village, standing on a low hill. A domed maqam, Neby Samat, stood to the south.Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 26. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.314 SWP further noted "Caves exist here, and ruined tombs; one was a square chamber without loculi; another, a large tomb with a rock pillar, but now much broken, and the plan of the original form destroyed. This tomb is close to the Mukam of Neby Samit—a domed chamber, with an outer chamber to the west, and a door to the north, on which side is a courtyard, with a palm tree. The chamber has a mihrab, and by it are green rags, said to be the Prophet's clothes. In the court are two Arab graves. To the west are several kokim tombs (stone carved sepulchres) full of bones and skulls. Other caves, cisterns, and a wine-press, north of the Mukam, were observed."Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 158 Sheikh Samit, or Samat, was said to have been the brother of Shemshun el Jabar, whose Neby was at Ishwa.Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 164 J. Geikie described the shrine in the 1880s: "A mukam, or shrine, of a Mussulman saint stands on the south side of the village; a low square building of stone, with a humble dome and a small court, within an old stone wall, at the side. You enter the yard through a small door in this wall, up two or three steps, but beyond the bare walls, and a solitary palm-tree, twice the height of the wall, there is nothing to see. Sheikh Samat, whoever he was, lies solitary enough and well forgotten in his airy sepulchre, but the whitewash covering his resting-place marks a custom which is universal with Mussulman tombs of this kind."Geikie, 1888, p. 67 In 1896 the population of Sar'a was estimated to be about 168 persons.Schick, 1896, p. 123 =British Mandate= In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sara'a had a population 205, all Muslims,Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 15 increasing in the 1931 census to 271, still all Muslims, in 65 houses.Mills, 1932, p. 43 In the 1945 statistics the population of Saris was 340, all Muslims, who owned 4,967 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. Of the land, 194 dunams were plantations and irrigable land and 2,979 were for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 104 while 16 dunams were built-up (urban) land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 154 Sar'a 1942 1:20,000 Sar'a 1945 1:250,000 =1948 war= Sar'a 1948.Members of the Harel Brigade standing on the balcony of the mukhtar's house Sar'a was captured by Israel's Harel Brigade on July 13–14, 1948, during the offensive Operation Dani in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Many of the inhabitants had already fled, as the village had been on the front lines since April.Morris, 2004, p. 436 Those who had remained fled when the mortar barrages from the approaching Harel columns began; the few that stayed throughout the assault were later expelled. The village's inhabitants fled the village towards various West Bank refugee camps, including Qalandiya. =Israel= Following the war, the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshav of Tarum was established on the north-eastern part of Sar'a's land in 1950, while Tzora was established about 2 km southwest of the site, on land belonging to Dayr Aban. According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the remaining structures on village land in 1992 were: > Stone rubble and iron girders are strewn among the trees on the site. A flat > stone, surrounded by debris and inscribed with Arabic verses from the > Qur'an, bears the date A.H. 1355 (1936). On the western edge of the site > stands a shrine containing the tombs of two local religious teachers. A > valley to the northeast is covered with fig, almond, and cypress trees. Weli shrines Sar'a had two shrines, one of which is still standing. The first one, destroyed in the 1950s, belonged to al-Nabi Samat, and the other for an unknown individual. Old ruined sites The village has several khirbas (ruined former settlements) including Khirbat al-Tahuna, where the ruins of a building constructed of ashlars (squared stone masonry) and the foundations of other buildings. See also *List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War References Bibliography (p. 334) (p. 904) * *Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund Volume: 7-8 (1875): ( p. 211 ) * (pp. 339, 343, 365 ) * (p. 18 ) * (p. 444) External links * Welcome to Sar'a *Sar'a, Zochrot *Lost shrines, Maqam Neby or Sheikh Samat *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons *Sar'a from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Category:District of Jerusalem "
"Teepe Pillar () is located in the Teton Range, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, immediately south of Grand Teton. The peak is the seventh highest in the Teton Range. Teepe Pillar is separated from Grand Teton by a col which drops sharply to the east and west. Northeast of and well below the summit, the Teepe Glacier is situated in a cirque. From Jackson Hole, Teepe Pillar is difficult to observe except from the northeast as it is hidden from view by Disappointment Peak. Best access to the summit is by way of Garnet Canyon to the Lower Saddle, a broad plateau which divides Grand Teton from Middle Teton. The summit is easiest to reach when approached from the west; however, true to its name, the pillar is a steep technical climb from every direction, involving up to 5 pitches at Class 5.4 to reach the summit. References Category:Mountains of Grand Teton National Park Category:Mountains of Wyoming Category:Mountains of Teton County, Wyoming "
"Thomas Allen Cullinan (1838 - June 18, 1904), also known as Tom Allen, was a law enforcement officer in Kansas. He served as city marshal of Junction City, Kansas from 1871 to 1904. Before that he was a seaman, miner, fur trapper and hunter. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Early life Tom Allen was born in Kilrush, Ireland in 1838 to well-to-do parents.Kirchner, Paul. The Deadliest Men: The World's Deadliest Combatants throughout the Ages. Colorado: Paladin Press, 2001. Career =Young seaman and pilot= A Mississippi River Boat, 1815 When he was eleven years old, he became a seaman and spent six years exploring the world. He worked at first for the English revenue service, where he visited ports in British Isles, France, Hamburg, and the Mediterranean. He then went to the East and West Indies and South America. During that time he learned how to navigate and take charge of a ship. In 1854, he was in Crimea and the following year he worked on a passenger ship from Liverpool to New York. He then traveled within the United States as a seaman on the Great Lakes. During that time, he survived a shipwreck on Lake Erie and also became a proficient Mississippi River pilot. =Fur trapper and hunter= "The Fur Trapper", Harper's Weekly, January 23, 1869 In 1857, he was an employee of the American Fur Company and traveled to the Rocky Mountains. He hunted and trapped animals from Yellowstone to the Taos Valley. During the summer of 1858, he spent some time at a ranch in New Mexico on the Cimarron River owned by Lucien Maxwell and Kit Carson. Both ranchers offered Allen a job as a partner, but Allen refused. =Miner and explorer= Denver, 1859 Tom Allen traveled to the Denver region and became a miner. Moreover, he staked a claim with three other men to land extending . There was a dispute to the ownership of the land and the four men (including Allen) reinforced their collective stake by erecting a large log house with firing ports in each wall. The land dispute progressed to the point where a company of 80 armed men were dispatched to remove Allen and his co-claimants. Allen allowed one of the armed men to step forward and revealed the defenses placed on the land. The armed man reported back and everyone in the 80-strong company decided to leave. Oddly enough, the land in what is now downtown Denver was eventually sold for a meager amount of money to Francis J. Marshall. Allen was involved in his first major fistfight during his stay in Denver. When he saw a gentleman publicly strike a woman, Allen challenged the assailant to a no-holds-barred confrontation. Afterwards, Allen lectured the attacker for an hour and a half on the evils of domestic violence. A man known as the "Terror of the Gulch" attempted to steal Tom Allen's sluice water. As a result, Allen attempted to settle the matter diplomatically. This option ultimately failed and Allen offered to solve the dispute either "according to the rules of the ring" or through "rough-and-tumble." The Terror chose the latter, which allowed for the use of fighting techniques such as eye-gouging, biting, stomping, and head butting. A crowd emerged as Allen demonstrated the dynamics of "rough-and-tumble." In the end, the "Terror of the Gulch" was beaten and left the area. =Explorer= Colorado River map Many merchants in Denver employed Allen and two of his land co-claimants, Jack Menzies and David Thompson, to explore the Colorado River. This expedition took place eight years before the explorations of Major John Wesley Powell. Unfortunately, Allen and his associates were captured by the Native American Utes after only into their expedition. When one of the tribesmen pulled Allen's ear, Allen punched the Ute and made him fall to the ground. Afterwards, Allen told the chief in Spanish that the Utes were cowards and that he could defeat the tribe's best warrior. Unfortunately, there is no confirmation as to whether the chief fulfilled Allen's request or was merely amused by Allen's bravado. Overall, Allen and his land co-claimants were set free. He returned to Leavenworth. =Civil War= Broadside recruiting men for the Independent Kansas Jayhawkers, 1st Kansas Volunteer Cavalry During the American Civil War, Allen enlisted in the Union Army as a scout in the eastern states. He served with St. Clair and "Red Clark", riding through Kansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee. In 1863, he was in Leavenworth, Kansas when the town was occupied by a group of paramilitary units known as the Jayhawkers. Two police officers were shot and the town marshal was forced to leave. Upon the urgent request of the authorities, Allen decided to become chief of police. Allen faced the Jayhawkers using his "rough-and-tumble" techniques. In thirty days, he restored order to Leavenworth and afterwards relinquished his position. =Junction City marshal= After the war and until 1871, he came to Junction City and had contracts to supply meat to the military and railroad construction crews. In 1871, he became the city marshal of Junction City. The mayor, George Martin, stated that "The post was not a sinecure." Various brothels and saloons elicited rabble rousing troops from Fort Riley, as well as travelers coming from intersecting railway lines. The city's newspaper, the Junction City Union, reported the following on April 25, 1885: Junction City, Kansas from the railroad, 1867. Boston Public Library Of the many exploits Tom Allen had while he was the city marshal of Junction City, a recruit from Fort Riley (along with twelve companions) intended to pull back Allen's ears. As a result, the recruit was injured and sent back to Fort Riley in an ambulance. In another incident, Allen entered a saloon while it was being vandalized by eight soldiers. Allen defeated each soldier and dragged seven of them to the jail. The eighth one managed to escape. Allen went to Fort Riley the next morning in order to arrest the eighth soldier. When the captain learned that Allen was present, he stated: "Great Scott, that's the man who licked my sergeant! He can have him." Allen confronted a drifter that according to newspaper accounts executed "a beastly offense to a little girl." Allen faced the six-foot man and decided to punish him with physical force instead of having him go to court. In another incident, a drunk which Allen imprisoned multiple times started a quarrel in a local pub and according to the Junction City Union, "stood out in the street with a rock in each hand when Tom arrived. 'Looking for a fight, are you? Remarked the peace officer as he gave him a wipe on the jaw, knocking him down and punishing him severely. This individual has never drank a drop since, and has thanked Tom repeatedly for that thrashing." A tall red-headed stranger entered Junction City in 1884. While in a general store, he created panic when he held his Colt revolver at the patrons. Allen warned the man to take the next train that was leaving in a half-hour. The man ignored Allen and during evening hours, he started a commotion at a hotel. Allen again told the redheaded man to leave town. The next day, the man was causing an uproar at a cheap, dingy drinking establishment. Allen finally intervened and said, "Now I will take you in." On his way to prison, the redheaded man stated to Allen, "You're not man enough to take me in" and slapped him. As a result, Allen was irate, thrashed the man in a bloody fight, disarmed his Colt, and threw him in a prison cell. Afterwards, Allen threw the blood-encrusted man into the next train. Mayor George Martin stated, "I think this was his last experience with amateur prize-fighters who came to test his mettle." For thirty-three years, Tom Allen served as city marshal in Junction City. During his many confrontations, he was not responsible for a single death and was never injured. Personal life Allen was married in 1865. In 1885, he had a wife and seven children and a 200-acre farm halfway between Junction City, Kansas and Fort Riley. He died on June 18, 1904 in a Kansas City, Missouri hospital. References Category:1838 births Category:1904 deaths Category:People from Junction City, Kansas Category:United States Marshals Category:Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923) Category:People from Kilrush Category:Union Army soldiers "