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"Hard Spun (foaled May 10, 2004 near Malvern, Pennsylvania) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse that finished second in the 2007 Kentucky Derby. Background Hard Spun is a bay horse with a white star standing 16.2 hands high. He is from one of the last crops of three-time leading sire in North America Danzig. Hard Spun was owned during his racing career by Wilmington, Delaware automobile dealer Richard C. Porter, who races under the Fox Hill Farms banner. At maturity, he reached high. Racing career =2006: two- year-old season= Bred for endurance, at age two Hard Spun made his debut on October 22, 2006, at Delaware Park Racetrack, winning by an 8 ¾-length margin. He then showed he could handle sloppy tracks when he won the Port Penn Stakes on the same track by five lengths on November 14. In December, he won the 2006 Pennsylvania Nursery Stakes at Philadelphia Park Racetrack, a race won in 2003 by Smarty Jones. =2007: three-year-old season= Hard Spun heads back to the grandstand after a 2nd-place finish in the 2007 Breeders' Cup Classic. Entering the three-year-old racing season in 2007, jockey Mario Pino rode Hard Spun to his fourth straight win, capturing the January's Lecomte Stakes at the Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, Louisiana. In his next start on February 19 in the Southwest Stakes at Oaklawn Park in Hot Springs, Arkansas, he was sent off as the 2-5 betting favorite. However, the colt finished fourth to winner Teuflesberg, who was ridden by Stewart Elliott. Trainer Larry Jones said that Hard Spun had a difficult time with his footing on Oaklawn's dirt surface and decided to skip the racetrack's Rebel Stakes and Arkansas Derby. Instead, Hard Spun was sent to compete in the Lane's End Stakes on the Polytrack at Turfway Park in Northern Kentucky. On March 24, Hard Spun scored his fifth win in six starts with a 3¼-length victory in the Lane's End Stakes in a strong time of 1:49 2/5 for the 1⅛-mile event. Hard Spun was expected to next start in the Blue Grass Stakes on the Polytrack at Keeneland Race Course, but Jones instead decided to go directly to Churchill Downs to see if the colt could handle its dirt surface. Hard Spun passed his test and finished 2nd at the Kentucky Derby on May 5. For Hard Spun's owner, trainer, and veteran jockey, it marked their first entry in America's most prestigious horse race. Hard Spun finished third in the Preakness Stakes and fourth in the Belmont Stakes. On June 2, 2007, owner Richard Porter sold Hard Spun's breeding rights to Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum's Darley Stud. Hard Spun ran second by 4½ lengths to Any Given Saturday in the $1 million Grade I Haskell Invitational Handicap at Monmouth Park on August 5, 2007.http://sports.si.cnn.com/default.asp?c=cnnsi&page;=horse/news/BJN4095342.htm Third place went to the betting favorite, Curlin. On August 25, 2007, Hard Spun got his first Grade I win in the King's Bishop Stakes at Saratoga Race Course in a time of 1:22:34 over a fast track. On September 29, 2007, he won the 1 1/8 mile Grade II Kentucky Cup Classic Stakes on Polytrack at Turfway Park, beating Kentucky Derby winner Street Sense and earning not only the base purse of $130,000 but a bonus of $150,000 offered by the track to any starter of a Grade I winner for 2006 or 2007. Hard Spun finished second in the Breeders' Cup Classic. Stud record Retired from racing, Hard Spun stood as a stallion for the Darley Stud with an initial stud fee of $50,000. He was based at the Jonabell Farm, Kentucky in 2011. Hard Spun's first two-year-olds reached the racetrack in 2011 and featured the American Champion Three-Year- Old Filly Questing. Hard Spun has also found success as a sire internationally, siring Superlative Stakes winner Red Duke (from first crop), multiple Gr.I winning Australian Le Romain, and Japanese graded stakes winning mare Someries. He is also the sire of Lil Rockerfeller, a graded stakes winning steeplechase runner. In 2014, son Wicked Strong was a favorite for the Kentucky Derby, but finished fourth behind California Chrome, whom he also tied with for fourth in the Belmont Stakes. Hard Spun's most notable progeny includes: * Wicked Strong: In 2014, won Wood Memorial Stakes and Jim Dandy Stakes, 4th Kentucky Derby. * Hard Aces: In 2015, won Gold Cup at Santa Anita Stakes and Louisiana Handicap. In 2016, won Cougar II Handicap. In 2017, won Tokyo City Cup Stakes. * Questing: In 2011, won Coaching Club American Oaks and Alabama Stakes; 2011 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly. * Big John B: In 2014, won Del Mar Handicap. In 2015, won Cougar II Handicap and Del Mar Handicap. In 2016, won Tokyo City Cup Stakes. * Promising Run: In 2016, won Istanbul Trophy. In 2017, won Al Rashidiya Stakes. * Ertijaal (AUS): In 2015, won Cape Derby and Sea Cottage Stakes (South Africa). * Hardest Core: In 2014, won Arlington Million. * Red Duke: In 2011, won Superlative Stakes. * Taghleeb: In 2017, won W. L. McKnight Handicap. * Lil Rockerfeller: In 2016, won National Spirit Hurdle. * Gatting (AUS): In 2017, won W.A.T.C. Derby. * Hard Not To Like: In 2014, won Jenny Wiley Stakes. In 2015, won Gamely Stakes and Diana Stakes. * Le Romain (AUS): In 2016, won Randwick Guineas and Cantala Stakes. In 2017, won Canterbury Stakes and Frederick Clissold Stakes. * Nomorerichblondes: In 2017, won UAE Oaks. * Someries (JPN): In 2012, won Zen- Nippon Nisai Yushun. In 2014, won Cluster Cup. * Smooth Roller: In 2015, won Awesome Again Stakes. * Zo Impressive: In 2012, won Mother Goose Stakes. * Maftool: In 2014, won Tattersall Stakes. In 2015, won UAE 2000 Guineas. * Reload: In 2014, won Canadian Turf Handicap. In 2016, won Tampa Bay Stakes. * Island Town: In 2015, won Matt Winn Stakes and Smarty Jones Stakes. * Timeline: In 2017, won Peter Pan Stakes. * Hard Not To Love: In 2019, won La Brea Stakes. Hard Spun has sired minor stakes winners such as Top Score (GB), Bond Elegance (AUS), Midnight Transfer, Glinda the Good, Portmagee, Text'n Hurley, Hard Enough, and Crystal Web (AUS). Hard Spun's 2020 stallion fee is set at $40,000. References Category:2004 racehorse births Category:Racehorses bred in Pennsylvania Category:Racehorses trained in the United States Category:Thoroughbred family 16-h "
"In the human body, the carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the hand. The tunnel is bounded by the bones of the wrist and flexor retinaculum from connective tissue. Normally several tendons from the flexor group of forearm muscles and the median nerve pass through it. There are described cases of variable median artery occurrence. The canal is narrow, and when any of the nine long flexor tendons passing through it swell or degenerate, the narrowing of the canal may result in the median nerve becoming entrapped or compressed, a common medical condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome. Structure Carpal tunnel as seen on MRI The carpal bones that make up the wrist form an arch which is convex on the dorsal side of the hand and concave on the palmar side. The groove on the palmar side, the sulcus carpi, is covered by the flexor retinaculum, a sheath of tough connective tissue, thus forming the carpal tunnel. On the side of the radius, the flexor retinaculum is attached to the scaphoid bone, more precisely its tubercle, as well as the ridge of trapezium. On the ulnar side it is attached to the pisiform and hook of hamate. The narrowest section of the tunnel is located a centimetre beyond the mid-line of the distal row of carpal bones where the sectional area is limited to 1.6 cm2. The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus pass through a common ulnar sheath, while the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus passes through a separate radial sheath. The mesotendon shared by these tendons is attached to the radial and palmar walls of the carpal tunnel. Superficial to the carpal tunnel and the flexor retinaculum, the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve pass through the ulnar tunnel/Guyon's canal. Function Transverse section across the wrist and carpals; the palm is at the top (carpal tunnel not labeled but visible at centre) Ten structures pass through the carpal tunnel, most of them flexor tendons (not the muscles themselves): * flexor digitorum profundus (four tendons) * flexor digitorum superficialis (four tendons) * flexor pollicis longus (one tendon) * Median nerve between tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis The flexor carpi radialis (one tendon), is often incorrectly stated to travel within the carpal tunnel. More precisely, it travels within the fibers of the flexor retinaculum which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel, rather than running inside the tunnel itself. = Effect of wrist movements = Movements in the wrist affect the shape and width of the carpal tunnel. The width decreases considerably during normal range of motion in the wrist and because the carpal bones move in relation to each other with every motion of the hand the bony walls of the tunnel are not rigid. Both flexion and extension increase compression in the carpal tunnel. * Flexing the wrist causes the flexor retinaculum to move closer to the radius which considerably decreases the cross section of the proximal opening of the tunnel. Additionally, the distal end of the capitate presses into the opening. * In extreme extension, the lunate constricts the passage as it is pressed toward the interior of the tunnel. Clinical significance 3D medical animation still of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome is a syndrome characterised by tingling burning and pain (needle, pin) through the course of median nerve particularly over the outer fingers and radiating up the arm, that is caused by compression of the carpal tunnel contents. It is associated with repetitive use, rheumatoid arthritis, and a number of other states. It can be detected using Tinel's sign and the Phalen maneuver. It may be treated non-surgically by splinting and/or corticosteroid injection, though definitive management often requires surgical division of the flexor retinaculum, which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel symptoms can sometimes be caused by tight muscles in the neck and shoulder region. Additional images File:Slide3VVVVV.JPGCarpal tunnel File:Slide9VVVVV.JPGCarpal tunnel File:Slide1dsds.JPGWrist joint. Deep dissection.Anterior, palmar, view. File:Slide2dsds.JPGWrist joint. Deep dissection.Anterior, palmar, view. File:Slide3dsds.JPGWrist joint. Deep dissection.Anterior, palmar, view. File:Hand dissection 5.jpgCarpal tunnel and thenar and hypothenar eminences File:Hand dissection 9.jpgCarpal tunnel See also * Carpal tunnel surgery * Carpal tunnel syndrome References External links * Category:Occupational diseases Category:Occupational safety and health Category:Wrist "
"Frauenstein () is a town in the district of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the Austrian state of Carinthia. Geography It is located directly northwest of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the hilly center of Carinthia. South of the community of Kraig is the Kraig Lake. References Category:Cities and towns in Sankt Veit an der Glan District "